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Compare Paracel Islands (2002) - Armenia (2001)

Compare Paracel Islands (2002) z Armenia (2001)

 Paracel Islands (2002)Armenia (2001)
 Paracel IslandsArmenia
Administrative divisions - 10 provinces (marzer, singular - marz) and 1 city* (k'aghak'ner, singular - k'aghak'); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan*
Age structure - 0-14 years:
23.23% (male 394,194; female 380,911)

15-64 years:
67.04% (male 1,094,646; female 1,141,760)

65 years and over:
9.73% (male 135,477; female 189,112) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products - fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock
Airports 1 (2001) 7 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)		 -
Airports - with unpaved runways - total:
7

over 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Area total: NA sq km


land: NA sq km


water: 0 sq km		 total:
29,800 sq km

land:
28,400 sq km

water:
1,400 sq km
Area - comparative NA slightly smaller than Maryland
Background This archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. The islands are claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan. An Orthodox Christian country, Armenia was incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated exclave, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the exclave in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution.
Birth rate - 11.47 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget - revenues:
$360 million

expenditures:
$566 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Capital - Yerevan
Climate tropical highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Coastline 518 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution - adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Paracel Islands		 conventional long form:
Republic of Armenia

conventional short form:
Armenia

local long form:
Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun

local short form:
Hayastan

former:
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic
Currency - dram (AMD)
Death rate - 9.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external - $836 million (January 2001)
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission:
Ambassador Michael C. LEMMON

embassy:
18 Marshal Bagramian Avenue, Yerevan

mailing address:
American Embassy Yerevan, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7020

telephone:
[374] (2) 52-16-11

FAX:
[374] (2) 151-550
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission:
Ambassador Arman KIRAKOSIAN

chancery:
2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 319-1976

FAX:
[1] (202) 319-2982

consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles
Disputes - international occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam Armenia supports ethnic Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan in the longstanding, separatist conflict against the Azerbaijani Government; traditional demands regarding former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided
Economic aid - recipient - $245.5 million (1995)
Economy - overview China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands for tourism. Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Since the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale agriculture away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. The agricultural sector has long-term needs for more investment and updated technology. The privatization of industry has been at a slower pace, but has been given renewed emphasis by the current administration. Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral deposits (gold, bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. By 1994, however, the Armenian Government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic program that has resulted in positive growth rates in 1995-2000. Armenia also managed to slash inflation and to privatize most small- and medium-sized enterprises. The chronic energy shortages Armenia suffered in recent years have been largely offset by the energy supplied by one of its nuclear power plants at Metsamor. Armenia's severe trade imbalance, importing three times its exports, has been offset somewhat by international aid, domestic restructuring of the economy, and foreign direct investment.
Electricity - consumption - 6.201 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production - 6.668 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
45.56%

hydro:
23.25%

nuclear:
31.19%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m		 lowest point:
Debed River 400 m

highest point:
Aragats Lerr 4,095 m
Environment - current issues NA soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; energy blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant without adequate (IAEA-recommended) safety and backup systems
Environment - international agreements - party to:
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Ethnic groups - Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989)

note:
as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia
Exchange rates - drams per US dollar - 554.29 (1 February 2001), 539.53 (2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996)
Executive branch - chief of state:
President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998)

head of government:
Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election last held 30 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Robert KOCHARIAN elected president; percent of vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 59.5%, Karen DEMIRCHYAN 40.5%
Exports - $284 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities - diamonds, scrap metal, machinery and equipment, brandy, copper ore
Exports - partners - Belgium 36%, Iran 15%, Russia 14%, US 7%, Turkmenistan, Georgia (1999)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange
GDP - purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture:
40%

industry:
25%

services:
35% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 16 30 N, 112 00 E 40 00 N, 45 00 E
Geography - note composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group landlocked
Highways - total:
8,431 km ()

paved:
NA

unpaved:
NA (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Illicit drugs - illicit cultivator of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; increasingly used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - to Western Europe and the US via Iran, Central Asia, and Russia
Imports - $913 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities - natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds
Imports - partners - Russia 17%, US 11%, Belgium 11%, Iran 10%, UK, Turkey (1999)
Independence - 21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate - 5% (2000 est.)
Industries - metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, gem cutting, jewelry manufacturing, software development, brandy
Infant mortality rate - 41.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 1% (1999 est.)
International organization participation - BSEC, CCC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (1999)
Irrigated land 0 sq km (1998 est.) 2,870 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch - Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Labor force - 1.5 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture 55%, services 25%, industry 20% (1999 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km total:
1,254 km

border countries:
Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (1998 est.)		 arable land:
17%

permanent crops:
3%

permanent pastures:
24%

forests and woodland:
15%

other:
41% (1993 est.)
Languages - Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Legal system - based on civil law system
Legislative branch - unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; members serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 30 May 1999 (next to be held in the spring of 2003)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - unity bloc 61 (Republican Party 41, People's Party of Armenia 20), Stability Group (independent Armenian deputies who have formed a bloc) 21, ACP 10, ARF (Dashnak) 8, Law and Unity Party 7, NDU 6, Law-Governed Party 6, independents 10, unfilled 2; note - seats by party change frequently
Life expectancy at birth - total population:
66.49 years

male:
62.12 years

female:
71.08 years (2001 est.)
Literacy - definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
99%

male:
99%

female:
98% (1989 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey
Map references Southeast Asia Commonwealth of Independent States
Maritime claims NA none (landlocked)
Military - note occupied by China -
Military branches - Army, Air Force and Air Defense Aviation, Air Defense Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $75 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 4% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
905,154 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
715,734 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
34,998 (2001 est.)
National holiday - Independence Day, 21 September (1991)
Nationality - noun:
Armenian(s)

adjective:
Armenian
Natural hazards typhoons occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
Natural resources none small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
Net migration rate - -3.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines - natural gas 900 km (1991)
Political parties and leaders - Armenia Party [Myasnik ALKHASYAN]; Armenian Communist Party or ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Azat ARSHAKYN, chairman]; Democratic Liberal Party [Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman]; Free Armenian's Mission [Ruben MNATSANIAN, chairman]; Law and Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Mission Party [Artush PAPOIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National State Party [Samvel SHAGINIAN]; Pan-Armenian National Movement or PANM [Vano SIRADEGHYAN]; People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [Gayane SARUKHYAN]; Social Democratic (Hnchakian) Party [Ernst SOGOMONYAN]; Stability Group [Vartan AYVAZIAN, chairman]; Union of National Self-Determination or NSDU [Paruir HAIRIKIAN, chairman]; Unity Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of the Republican Party and People's Party of Armenia)
Political pressure groups and leaders - NA
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons (July 2002 est.)		 3,336,100 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line - 45% (1999 est.)
Population growth rate - -0.21% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island being expanded none
Radio broadcast stations - AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios - 850,000 (1997)
Railways - total:
852 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines

broad gauge:
852 km 1.520-m gauge (779 km electrified) (2001)
Religions - Armenian Orthodox 94%
Sex ratio - at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.72 male(s)/female

total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage - 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment:
system inadequate; now 90% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion

domestic:
the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)

international:
Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat
Telephones - main lines in use - 568,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 6,220 (1997)
Television broadcast stations - 4 (1998)
Terrain mostly low and flat Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
Total fertility rate - 1.5 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate - 20% (1998 est.)

note:
official rate is 9.3% for 1998
Waterways none NA km
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